Efecto de cocción en horno convencional y microondas sobre rancidez, pérdida por cocción y diferencia sensorial de hamburguesas / Effect of conventional oven versus microwave cooking on rancidity, cooking loss and sensory difference of hamburger patties

El uso de microondas está muy extendido a nivel doméstico gracias a su rapidez y facilidad de uso. El objetivo del presente trabajo es comparar el efecto de cocción de hamburguesas de distintos tipos de carne, en microondas y en horno convencional, sobre la pérdida de peso y estabilidad oxidativa. Además, determinar si existen diferencias desde el punto de vista sensorial aplicando una prueba triangular, comparando 2 productos presentados en tríos, uno que corresponde a hamburguesa cocida en microondas y otro a hamburguesa cocida en horno convencional. Se adquirieron hamburguesas de pollo, pavo, cerdo y vacuno en el comercio, se cocinaron en horno convencional y en microondas. Se calculó pérdida por cocción, se evaluó la rancidez y diferencias sensoriales entre hamburguesas del mismo tipo de carne, cocidas en distinto tipo de horno. La pérdida por cocción fue menor en hamburguesas cocidas en microondas. La acidez e índice de peróxido aumentaron en las muestras cocidas en ambos tipos de hornos respecto a hamburguesas crudas. La acidez fue mayor en hamburguesas cocidas en horno convencional, y el índice de peróxido fue mayor en hamburguesas cocidas en microondas, llegando a 10,6 meq O2/kg. En el análisis sensorial se encontraron diferencias significativas (p<0,05) entre las hamburguesas cocidas en horno convencional y en microondas. Resulta mejor opción cocinar hamburguesas en horno convencional, ya que el índice de peróxidos es menor que al cocinar en microondas; dentro del tipo de hamburguesas, son más estables las de vacuno y cerdo frente a la oxidación.

The use of microwaves is very widespread at the domestic level thanks to its speed and ease of use. The aim of this study was to compare cooking loss, rancidity and sensory differences for hamburger patties cooked in conventional versus microwave ovens. We also determined sensorial differences with the triangular test, comparing two products presented in threesomes, one that corresponded to a patty cooked in the microwave and the other in a conventional oven. Chicken, turkey, pork and beef patties were purchased commercially, cooked in a conventional oven and in microwaves. Cooking loss was calculated, rancidity and sensory differences were evaluated between patties of the same type of meat and cooked in the different oven types. Cooking loss was lower in patties cooked in microwaves compared to those cooked in conventional ovens. For both oven types, acidity and peroxide index increased with respect to raw ones. Acidity was higher in hamburgers cooked in conventional ovens and the peroxide index was higher in burgers cooked in microwaves, reaching 10.6 meq O2/kg. In sensory analysis, significant differences were found (p<0.05) between patties cooked in a conventional oven and in microwaves. It is a better option to cook patties in a conventional oven, because the peroxide index is smaller than in microwaves; and within types of patties, beef and pork are more stable against oxidation.

Determinación de la rancidez en aceites usados en el proceso de frituras en establecimientos de expendió de comida rápida / Determination of rancity in oils used in the frying process in fast food display establishments

INTRODUCCIÓN: en la actualidad se ha producido un incremento sustancial del consumo de alimentos procesados en frituras con aceites vegetales expedidos en establecimientos de comida rápida, que son de elección para muchas personas principalmente por trabajadores y estudiantes por el horario limitado con el que cuentan para su alimentación y muchas veces por temas de economía. OBJETIVO: determinar la rancidez en aceites usados en el proceso de frituras en establecimientos de comida rápida. MÉTODOS: se implementaron la Prueba de Kreiss (método cualitativo) y el Índice de Peróxidos (método cuantitativo) para cuantificar la rancidez en los aceites utilizados para el procesamiento de frituras. RESULTADOS: de un total de 12 muestras de aceite analizadas, se estableció que el 42 % se encuentran fuera del rango establecido según la Norma Boliviana (NB 34008) lo que confirma el uso de aceites rancios.

INTRODUCTION: at present there has been a substantial increase in the consumption of processed foods in fried foods with vegetable oils issued in fast food establishments, which are the choice for many people, mainly by workers and students due to the limited hours they have for their food and often for economic reasons. OBJECTIVE: to determine the rancidity in oils used in the frying process in fast food establishments. METHODS: the Kreiss Test (qualitative method) and the Peroxide Index (quantitative method) were implemented to quantify rancidity in the oils used for frying processing. RESULTS: from a total of 12 oil samples analyzed, it was established that 42% are outside the range established according to the Bolivian Standard (NB 34008), which confirms the use of rancid oils. CONCLUSIONS: with the applied methods, Kreiss (qualitative) and Peroxide Index (quantitative) the same results were obtained, however, the use of the quantitative method is recommended because the Standard defines a limit of up to 6 meq / Kg, and the Qualitative method can be subjective because it is defined by a color change, likewise in the study the use of rancid oils in fast food outlets was confirmed.

Qualidade nutricional e estabilidade oxidativa de manteigas produzidas do leite de vacas alimentadas com cana-de-açúcar suplementada com óleo de girassol / Nutritional quality and oxidative stability of butter obtained from cows fed sugar-cane supplemented with sunflower oil

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o perfil de ácidos graxos (AG), os índices de qualidade nutricional e a estabilidade oxidativa (EO) de manteigas produzidas do leite de vacas alimentadas com dietas à base de cana-de-açúcar contendo níveis crescentes de óleo de girassol (OG): 0 (controle); 1,5; 3,0 e 4,5% da matéria seca (MS). O perfil de AG das manteigas foi analisado por cromatografia gasosa, e a EO foi determinada utilizando-se o equipamento Rancimat®, modelo 743, operado a 120ºC e fluxo de ar de 20L/h. As concentrações dos AG rumênico (CLA cis-9, trans-11), vacênico (C18:1 trans-11) e oleico (C18:1 cis-9) na gordura das manteigas foram aumentadas em 867, 687 e 148%, respectivamente, à medida que se aumentou de 0 para 4,5% o nível de OG na dieta. Por outro lado, as concentrações dos AG saturados de cadeia média foram linearmente reduzidas (P<0,0001) na gordura das manteigas, em razão do incremento de OG nas dietas. Quanto aos índices de qualidade nutricional, houve redução linear (P<0,0001) no índice de aterogenicidade e no de trombogenicidade e aumento da relação entre AG hipo e hipercolesterolêmicos, em resposta ao aumento do nível de OG na dieta. Consistente com o incremento (P<0,0001) nas concentrações totais dos AG mono e poli-insaturados, a EO da gordura das manteigas foi linearmente reduzida (P<0,0001) em razão do incremento de OG nas dietas. Concluiu-se que a suplementação com OG melhorou a qualidade nutricional das manteigas produzidas do leite de vacas Holandês x Gir devido a mudanças positivas no perfil de AG da gordura. Entretanto, tais mudanças na composição dos AG da gordura foram acompanhadas de redução da EO das manteigas, associada à menor vida de prateleira.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the fatty acid (FA) profile, nutritional quality and oxidative stability (OE) indexes of butter obtained from milk of cows fed sugar cane-based diets containing increasing levels of sunflower oil (SO): 0 (Control); 1.5; 3.0 and 4.5% of diet DM. The butter FA profile was analyzed by gas chromatography and OE was determined using the Rancimat® equipment (model 743) operated at 120ºC and air flow of 20 L/h. The concentrations of rumenic acid (cis-9 trans-11 CLA), vaccenic acid (trans-11 C18:1) and oleic acid (cis-9 C18:1) in butter fat were increased by 867, 687 and 148%, respectively, as the dietary SO level increased from 0 to 4.5%. In contrast, the concentrations of medium chain saturated FA were linearly reduced (P<0.05) in butter fat from cows fed increasing levels of SO. Regarding the butter nutritional quality, a linear decrease (P<0.0001) in atherogenicity and thrombogenicity indexes and a linear increase (P<0.0001) in the hypocholesterolemic/ hypercholesterolemic ratio were observed compared to control, 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5% SO, respectively. Consistent with the increased (P<0.0001) concentration of mono and polyunsaturated FA, the OE of butter fat was linearly reduced (P<0.0001) as the dietary SO level increased. It was concluded that diet supplementation with SO improved the nutritional quality of butter fat of Holstein x Gir dairy cows as a result of positive changes in milk FA profile. However, these changes in milk FA composition were accompanied by a reduction in the SO of butter, which in turn is associated with a shorter shelf life.

Carotenoides bixina e norbixina extraídos do urucum (Bixa orellana L.) como antioxidantes em produtos cárneos / Carotenoids bixin and norbixin from annatto (Bixa orellana L.) as antioxidants in meat products

A oxidação lipídica é uma das principais alterações que acometem os derivados cárneos em razão da composição química rica em lipídios e íons ferro, utilização de processos térmicos e de moagem, além do frequente uso do cloreto de sódio, um reconhecido catalisador desta reação. Os antioxidantes são substâncias utilizadas para inibir ou retardar a rancidez oxidativa, porém, seu uso desperta a atenção de consumidores e agências reguladoras, quanto à segurança que acompanha o consumo de aditivos sintéticos. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o uso dos carotenoides bixina e norbixina como antioxidantes em produtos cárneos por meio da revisão de suas características químicas, métodos de obtenção, toxicidade e aplicações tecnológicas. Esses pigmentos são extraídos das sementes do urucum (Bixa orellana L.) por métodos que envolvem o uso de solventes orgânicos, extração supercrítica ou ainda a utilização da tecnologia de micro-ondas. No Brasil, o uso dessas substâncias é previsto na legislação como corante alimentício, porém, estes carotenoides apresentam extensas cadeias carbônicas insaturadas que permitem a adição de radicais livres e lhes conferem a capacidade de atuar como antioxidantes. As diferenças estruturais entre bixina e norbixina resultam em particularidades quanto à polaridade, solubilidade, coloração e, por consequência, determinam singulares aplicações tecnológicas. Nas concentrações previstas pelas agências reguladoras, o consumo desses carotenoides é seguro e além das aplicações como corante, podem ser utilizados pela indústria como antioxidantes naturais, oportunizando uma alternativa capaz de substituir ou minimizar o uso de aditivos sintéticos em produtos cárneos.

Lipid oxidation is one of the major modifications that affect meat products due to chemical composition, heat and grinding processes beyond the routine use of sodium chloride, a recognized catalyst of this reaction. Antioxidants are substances used to inhibit or retard oxidative rancidity. However the use of these compounds has been drawing the attention of consumers and regulatory agencies about the safety of synthetic additives consumption. This study aimed to evaluate the use of carotenoids bixin and norbixin as antioxidants in meat products by review of the chemical characteristics, methods of production, toxicity and technological applications. These pigments are extracted from annatto (Bixa orellana L.) using organic solvents, supercritical extraction or microwaves. In Brazil, the use of these substances is forecast by law as food colorant, however, this carotenoids show a large unsaturated carbon chains that allow the addition of free radicals and enable their use as antioxidant. The structural differences between bixin and norbixin result in distinct polarity, solubility and coloration, and consequently in different technological applications. At concentrations established by regulatory agencies, the use of these compounds is safe and, in addition to applications such as dyes, can be used by industries as natural antioxidants, which is an alternative capable of replace or minimize the use of synthetic additives in meat products.

Efecto del tiempo de almacenamiento a -18ºC sobre las características bacteriológicas y físico-químicas de filetes de pez volador (Dactylopterus volitans) / The Effect of Time on Bacteriological, Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Flying Gurnards Fish´s Fillets (Dactylopterus volitans) under Frozen Storage at -18°C

Parte del producto de la pesca se devuelve al mar aunque pudiera comercializarse. Tal es el caso del pez volador (Dactylopterus volitans), debido a que su morfología dificulta su manipulación. Este estudio tuvo por objetivo evaluar el efecto del tiempo sobre las características bacterianas y físico-químicas en filetes del pez volador almacenados a -18°C durante 6; 39; 67 y 95 días. Se realizaron recuentos (UFC/g) de aerobios mesófilos a 25 y 32°C y de Staphylococcus aureus y determinación del NMP/g de coliformes fecales y Escherichia coli. También se determinó humedad, pH y el índice de rancidez. El tiempo de almacenamiento bajo congelación no ejerció ningún efecto en los recuentos bacterianos, pues no se halló evidencia significativa (P > 0,05) de multiplicación o disminución de los mismos. Los recuentos de aerobios mesófilos en placa fueron bajos, no hubo crecimiento de S. aureus y el valor más alto de coliformes fecales fue de 240 NMP/g. Sin embargo, los valores de rancidez oxidativa y de pH si fueron significativamente diferentes (P < 0,05) durante el lapso de almacenamiento. El índice del ácido tiobarbitúrico varió de 0,27 hasta 3,12 mg de malonaldehído/kg debido, probablemente a la interacción de diversos factores, entre ellos, a los fragmentos de piel que quedaron en los filetes, presencia de sustancias pro-oxidantes y a las fluctuaciones de temperatura durante el almacenamiento. A pesar del incremento de la rancidez, la apariencia y el olor no indicaron deterioro. Se concluye que esta especie pudiera comercializarse bajo la modalidad de filetes siempre y cuando a los filetes se les elimine completamente la piel, se glaseen, se empaquen herméticamente y se vigilen las temperaturas de almacenamiento.

A part of the fish captured is discarded despite the fact that it could be commercialized. This is the case of flying gurnards´s fish (Dactylopterus volitans) because its morphology difficults its handling, even though it is eaten in differents forms. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of time on the bacteriological, physical and chemical characteristics of gurnard fillets kept in storage at -18°C during 6; 39; 67 and 95 days. Mesophilic aerobic plate counts (CFU/g) were made at 25 and 32°C and S. aureus. Also the most probable number (MPN/g) of fecal coliforms and E. coli was determined. Humidity was likewise determined, together with pH and the rancidity index. There was not evidence that the frozen storage´s days are a significant factor (P > 0.05) in the bacterial counts. Bacteriological results confirmed that during the processing steps hygienic and temperature norms were followed, since the aerobic plate counts were low, S. aureus did not grow and the highest number of fecal coliforms was 240 MPN/g. On the other hand, the frozen storage´s time influences significantly (P < 0.05) the lipid oxidation´s rate in frozen fillets because the thiobarbituric acid index oscillated from 0.27 to 3.12 mg malonaldehyde/kg, probably due to some skin fragments in the fillets, substances with pro-oxidative propierties and for temperature fluctuations in the storage. Nevertheless, in despite of rancidity increase, the appearance and the odor did not show signs of spoiling. In conclusion, this species could be commercialized in the form of fillets provided that the freezing, defrosting and storage temperatures are watched at all times. It is highly recommended that the fillets are fully peeled, glazed and packed air tight.